{"id":3588,"date":"2026-01-05T14:39:38","date_gmt":"2026-01-05T11:09:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/drakbarbayat.com\/en\/?p=3588"},"modified":"2026-01-05T14:47:33","modified_gmt":"2026-01-05T11:17:33","slug":"differences-between-face-and-neck-lift-surgery-in-women-and-men","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/drakbarbayat.com\/en\/differences-between-face-and-neck-lift-surgery-in-women-and-men\/","title":{"rendered":"Differences Between Face and Neck Lift Surgery in Women and Men"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3588\" class=\"elementor elementor-3588\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44bddd7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44bddd7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-140d552 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"140d552\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>With aging, changes in the appearance of the face and neck are inevitable for everyone. Skin sagging, loss of soft tissue volume, and loosening of the neck muscles are common signs of aging in both women and men. However, the structure of the skin, muscles, and facial features differs significantly between the two sexes, and this leads to different aging patterns and, consequently, different approaches to facelift surgery.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1614620 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1614620\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Anatomical Differences Between Women and Men<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b423d0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b423d0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Men\u2019s skin is generally thicker than women\u2019s skin. The presence of facial hair follicles and a higher density of sebaceous glands gives male skin greater resistance to wrinkles and causes the aging process to occur more slowly. In contrast, women\u2019s skin is thinner and, due to hormonal changes, loses its elasticity at an earlier stage.<br \/>Additionally, the facial skeleton in men is more prominent, with a more defined jawline. Their muscles are bulkier, and the volume of fatty tissue is lower. In women, the soft tissues are usually fuller, the skin is thinner, and the resulting wrinkles are more delicate. These structural differences to some extent influence the planning and execution of facelift surgery in the two sexes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2eff584 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2eff584\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"611\" src=\"https:\/\/drakbarbayat.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Photo-1-English.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3595\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drakbarbayat.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Photo-1-English.jpg 928w, https:\/\/drakbarbayat.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Photo-1-English-300x229.jpg 300w, https:\/\/drakbarbayat.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Photo-1-English-768x587.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0dd1a95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0dd1a95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Differences in the Aging Pattern<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03b0e45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"03b0e45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In women, skin sagging usually begins around the eyes, cheeks, and mouth, and smile lines and folds beside the lips tend to appear earlier. In men, changes are more commonly seen in the lower part of the face and the upper neck. Loosening of the skin under the chin, loss of a well defined jawline, and fat accumulation in this area are among the most prominent signs of aging in men.<br \/>An important point is that men with a smaller lower jaw or a shorter neck tend to develop signs of neck aging earlier than others. In such individuals, the need for surgical intervention may be felt at a younger age.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8ac30e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a8ac30e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"320\" height=\"239\" src=\"https:\/\/drakbarbayat.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Photo-2-English.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3596\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drakbarbayat.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Photo-2-English.jpg 320w, https:\/\/drakbarbayat.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Photo-2-English-300x224.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d417718 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d417718\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Differences in Incision Design and Surgical Technique<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba1286d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba1286d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe presence of a beard and facial hair in men is one of the determining factors in surgical incision design. Incisions must be planned in a way that prevents hair follicles from being transferred to hairless areas and ensures that the beard line remains in its natural position after surgery. This consideration usually means that surgery in men is performed with greater delicacy, and the operative time may be slightly longer compared to women.\nIn men, excessive tension on the tissues around the eyes can create an unnatural or overly feminine appearance. Therefore, greater precision is required in the design and extent of lifting. In contrast, in women, more tension can be applied around the eyes to achieve a smoother and more youthful appearance, as this better maintains harmony with feminine facial structures.\nSurgical techniques also differ in the neck area. In many men, performing a neck lift alone without a full facelift can produce significant results. This approach typically involves a shorter recovery period and leads to more natural looking changes in facial appearance.\n\n&nbsp;<iframe width=\"1071\" height=\"602\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/BXVPbrUhLGc\" title=\"Where is my Facial Surgery incision? |  Dr. Akbar Bayat\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c458515 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c458515\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Differences in Aesthetic Goals<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1f9ed9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b1f9ed9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In facelift surgery for women, the primary goal is to restore the softness, delicacy, and youthful contours of the face. In men, however, the focus is more on preserving masculine features such as a defined jawline, a firm neck, and a natural appearance without obvious signs of surgery.<br \/>For this reason, surgical techniques in men often aim for results that appear less \u201coperated,\u201d whereas in women, more noticeable and visible changes may be desired.<br \/>In some cases, the use of jaw or chin implants in men can enhance the effects of a facelift, as they help redefine masculine facial lines.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ca9269 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5ca9269\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"650\" height=\"296\" src=\"https:\/\/drakbarbayat.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image_2025-12-29_13-50-59.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3597\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drakbarbayat.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image_2025-12-29_13-50-59.png 650w, https:\/\/drakbarbayat.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image_2025-12-29_13-50-59-300x137.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ca9227 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4ca9227\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Differences in Recovery and Aftercare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-111521d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"111521d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Due to the higher prevalence of high blood pressure in men, the likelihood of bruising and swelling is slightly greater compared to women. However, facial hair growth can help conceal some bruising. In women, the skin is generally thinner and more sensitive, requiring more meticulous care.In both sexes, adherence to postoperative instructions has a direct impact on the final outcome.recovery period and yields more natural looking changes to the face.<\/p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"2299\" class=\"elementor elementor-2299\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17c888c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"17c888c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3115f1fd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3115f1fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fbc4a4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fbc4a4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contact us via WhatsApp for offline consultation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4787f5f8 elementor-align-end elementor-list-item-link-inline elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"4787f5f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/wa.me\/+989120606335\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-whatsapp\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M380.9 97.1C339 55.1 283.2 32 223.9 32c-122.4 0-222 99.6-222 222 0 39.1 10.2 77.3 29.6 111L0 480l117.7-30.9c32.4 17.7 68.9 27 106.1 27h.1c122.3 0 224.1-99.6 224.1-222 0-59.3-25.2-115-67.1-157zm-157 341.6c-33.2 0-65.7-8.9-94-25.7l-6.7-4-69.8 18.3L72 359.2l-4.4-7c-18.5-29.4-28.2-63.3-28.2-98.2 0-101.7 82.8-184.5 184.6-184.5 49.3 0 95.6 19.2 130.4 54.1 34.8 34.9 56.2 81.2 56.1 130.5 0 101.8-84.9 184.6-186.6 184.6zm101.2-138.2c-5.5-2.8-32.8-16.2-37.9-18-5.1-1.9-8.8-2.8-12.5 2.8-3.7 5.6-14.3 18-17.6 21.8-3.2 3.7-6.5 4.2-12 1.4-32.6-16.3-54-29.1-75.5-66-5.7-9.8 5.7-9.1 16.3-30.3 1.8-3.7.9-6.9-.5-9.7-1.4-2.8-12.5-30.1-17.1-41.2-4.5-10.8-9.1-9.3-12.5-9.5-3.2-.2-6.9-.2-10.6-.2-3.7 0-9.7 1.4-14.8 6.9-5.1 5.6-19.4 19-19.4 46.3 0 27.3 19.9 53.7 22.6 57.4 2.8 3.7 39.1 59.7 94.8 83.8 35.2 15.2 49 16.5 66.6 13.9 10.7-1.6 32.8-13.4 37.4-26.4 4.6-13 4.6-24.1 3.2-26.4-1.3-2.5-5-3.9-10.5-6.6z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">WhatsApp conversation<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-849ca1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"849ca1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Differences in Results and Longevity<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e20213 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0e20213\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In terms of longevity, there is no significant difference between facelift results in women and men. However, skin quality, lifestyle, and postoperative care all influence how long the results last. In men, due to thicker skin and less tension applied during lifting, the outcome may appear more stable and natural. In women, the softer and more delicate skin makes the results more visible, though they may be slightly less long lasting.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e95f571 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e95f571\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"635\" height=\"286\" src=\"https:\/\/drakbarbayat.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/photo-4-English.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3598\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drakbarbayat.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/photo-4-English.jpg 635w, https:\/\/drakbarbayat.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/photo-4-English-300x135.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 635px) 100vw, 635px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7d910b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d7d910b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusion and Dr. Bayat\u2019s Perspective<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8512d0b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8512d0b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Despite the overall similarities in rejuvenation principles, facelift surgery in women and men must be designed with different approaches. Anatomical characteristics, aging patterns, and aesthetic standards differ between the two sexes, and surgical success is achieved only when these differences are carefully considered.<br \/>In my experience, men usually seek facelift surgery at an older age and often desire a natural result that makes them look younger without obvious signs of surgery. In contrast, women tend to prefer a smoother, fresher appearance with more noticeable changes.<br \/>Ultimately, the main goal of face and neck lift surgery is to restore balance and youth in harmony with each individual\u2019s facial identity. Precise planning, appropriate technique selection, and a deep understanding of the subtle differences between male and female faces are the keys to achieving natural and long lasting results.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>With aging, changes in the appearance of the face and neck are inevitable for everyone. Skin sagging, loss of soft tissue volume, and loosening of the neck muscles are common signs of aging in both women and men. However, the structure of the skin, muscles, and facial features differs significantly between the two sexes, and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3589,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3588","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-face-beauty"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/drakbarbayat.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3588","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/drakbarbayat.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/drakbarbayat.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drakbarbayat.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drakbarbayat.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3588"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/drakbarbayat.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3588\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3602,"href":"https:\/\/drakbarbayat.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3588\/revisions\/3602"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drakbarbayat.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3589"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/drakbarbayat.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3588"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drakbarbayat.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3588"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drakbarbayat.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3588"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}